This article examines approaches towards understanding the adaptation processes and integration of migrants, as well as their dynamics, based on material from foreign literature. Presented is the development of approaches all the way from sociologists of the Chicago school (R. Park, W. Thomas, F. Znanetskiy) and up until the contemporary understanding of adaptation processes within the framework of transnationalism concepts. Adaptation has undergone a path from a straightforward, one-directional process, which assumes that changes in migrants’ culture would only occur by direction of “assimilation” (i.e. the concept of a “melting-pot”), towards being understood within the framework of transnationalism, “flexible” acculturation, when a person can have two or more cultural identities and be involved in several cultural contexts at once. Special attention is paid to one of the dominant models in contemporary studies – Berry’s acculturation models, which propose four possibilities for acculturation – assimilation, integration, separation (or segregation) and marginalization. Also considered are the assimilation conception by R. Alba and V. Ni which was transformed in the 1990’s, the segmented assimilation theory which studies the children of contemporary migrants (A. Portes, M. Zhou, R. Rumbo), the theory of cross-cultural adaptation (Y. Kim) and the conception of “flexible” acculturation (I. Peters). The latter proposes multiple schemes of identification and integration. Transnationalism is specifically examined as the most modern approach towards understanding the adaptation of migrants to a new environment, which accepts that migrants can exist in several social contexts, changing their country of residence while not completely losing touch with their country of origin. The study is aimed towards broadening the base of information for those learning about migrant adaptation, and is addressed to practitioners who are carrying out tasks under the “Strategy for state national policy for the period up to the year 2025” in regards to migrants.

Migrant adaptation, assimilation, acculturation, the theory of segmented assimilation, cross-cultural adaptation, multiculturalism, integration, flexible acculturation, transnationalism.

Alba R. Ethnic identity: The transformation of white America. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1990. 359 p.

Alba R., Nee V. Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration. Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press, 2003.

Alba R., Nee V. Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration. International Migration Review, 1997, vol. 31 (4), pp. 826–874.

Al-Issa I. Ethnicicty, immigration, and psychopathology. New York, Plenum Press, 1997, pp. 13–16.

Berry J. A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 2001, no. 57, pp. 615–631.

Berry J. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1997, no. 46 (1), pp. 5–34.

Berry J. Imposed etics, emics, derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology, 1989, no. 24, pp. 721–735.

Berry J. W. Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. Ed. by A. Padilla. Boulder, Westview, 1980, pp. 9–25.

Berry J., Sam D. Acculturation and Adaptation. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. MA, Allyn and Bacon, 1997, Vol. 3, pp. 291–326.

Bhatia S., Ram A. Theorizing identity in transnational and diaspora cultures: A critical approach to acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2009, no. 33 (2), pp. 140–149.

Castles S., Korac M., Vasta E., Vertovec S. Integration: Mapping the field. Oxford (UK), University of Oxford, Centre for Migration and Policy Research and Refugee Studies, 2002, pp. 115–118.

Eldering L. The Bhojpuri diaspora: A rich field for comparative acculturation research. Psychology and Developing Societies, 2005, no 17(2), pp. 237–247.

Foner N. Beyond the Melting Pot Three Decades Later: Recent Immigrants and New York's NewEthnic Mixture. The International Migration Review, 2000, vol. 34, no 1, pp. 255–262.

Gans H. J. Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1979, no 2 (1), pp. 1–20.

Glazer N., Moynihan D. Beyond the Melting Pot. New York, Cambr. (Mass.), 1963. 363 p.

Glick, Schiller N., Basch L., Szanton B. C. From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological Quarterly, 1995, Vol. 68, pp. 48–63.

Gordon M. The Nature of Assimilation. Assimilation in American Life. New York, Oxford University Press, 1964, ch. 3, pp. 60–83.

Gupta Das M. What is Indian about you? A gendered, transnational approach to ethnicity. Gender and Society, 1997, no 11 (5), pp. 572–593.

Handlin O. The uprooted. Boston, Little, Brown, 1951. 333 p.

Hunt L., Schneider S., Comer B. Should «acculturation» be a variable in health research? A critical review of research on US Hispanics. Social Science Medicine, 2004, no 59 (5), pp. 973–986.

Imamura M., Zhang Y. Functions of the common ingroup identity model and acculturation strategies in intercultural communication: American host nationals’ communication with Chinese international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2014, Vol. 43, pp. 227–238.

Keefe S., Padilla A. Chicano ethnicity. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1987. 238 p.

Kim Y. Y. Adapting to a new culture: An integrative communication theory. Theorizing about intercultural communication. Ed. by W. Gudykunst. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2005, pp. 375–400.

Kim Y. Y. Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2001. 342 p.

Kim Y. Y. Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Clevedon, Multilingual Matters, 1988. 232 p.

Kim Y. Y. Intercultural personhood: Globalisation and way of being. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2008, Vol. 32, pp. 359–368.

Kostenko V. V. Teorii migracii: ot assimilyacii k transnacionalizmu [Migration theories: from assimilation to transnationalism]. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 2014, Vol. XVII, no 3, pp. 62–76.

Kuhlman T. The economic integration of refugees in developing countries: a research model. Journal of refugee studies, 1991, no 4 (1), pp. 1–20.

Kuznetzov I. M. Аdaptacionnye strategii migrantov v usloviyakh megapolisa (na primere g. Moskvy): avtoref. diss. [Adaptation strategies of migrants in a metropolis (in the example of Moscow): Abstract. Diss.], Moscow, 2006. The IS RAS Official website, URL: http://www.isras.ru/publ.html?id=1840 [date of visit: 19.09.17].

Mukomel' V. I. Problemy integratsii vnutrirossiyskikh inoehtnichnykh migrantov [Integration problems of internal ethnic migrant workers]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 2016, no 5, pp. 69–79.

Nederveen Pieterse J. Global Multiculture, Flexible Acculturation. Globalizations, 2007, Vol. 4, no 1, pp. 65–79.

Oberg K. Culture shock: adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 1960, Vol. 7, pp. 177–182.

Padilla A. M., Perez W. Acculturation, social identity and social cognition: A new perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 2003, Vol. 25, pp. 35–55.

Padilla A. M. Acculturation and stress among immigrants and later generation individuals. The quality of urban life: Social, psychological, and physical conditions. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 101–120.

Park P. Race and Culture. Glencoe, Free Press, 1950. 1913 p.

Perevedencev V. I. Migraciya naseleniya i trudovye problemy Sibiri [Migration of population and labor problems of Siberia]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1966. 191 p.

Pfafferott I., Brown R. Acculturation preferences of majority and minority adolescents in Germany in the context of society and family. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2006, no 30 (6), pp. 703–717.

Phinney J.S. Ethnic Identity in adolescence and adults: a review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 1990, Vol. 108, pp. 499–514.

Portes A., Fernаndez-Kelly P., Haller W. The adaptation of the immigrant second generation in America: A theoretical overview and recent evidence. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2009, Vol. 35 (7), pp. 1077–1104.

Portes A., Rumbaut R.G. Immigrant America: A Portrait. University of California Press, 1996, pp. 74–98.

Portes A., Zhou M. The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants among post-1965 immigrant youth. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1993, Vol. 530, pp. 74–98.

Redfield R., Linton R., Herskovits M.J. Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation. American Anthropologist, 1936, Vol. 38, no 1, pp. 149–152.

Ryazantsev S. V. O yazykovoy integracii migrantov kak novom orientire migracionnoy politiki Rossii [Migrants’ language integration as a new benchmark in Russia migration policies]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 2014, no 9, pp. 25–29.

Rybakovsky L. L. Migracionny potencial: poniatie i kriterii ocenki [Migration potential. The term and evaluative criteria]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 2009, no 2, pp. 29–36.

Rybakovsky L. L. Migraciya naseleniya: prognozy, faktory, politika [Migration of the population: forecasts, factors, policy]. Moscow, 1987.

Schwartz S., Unger J., Zamboanga B., Szapocznik J. Rethinking the concept of acculturation: implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 2010, Vol. 65, pp. 237–250.

Sokolova V. M. Problemy adaptatsii migrantov v Ispanii v issledovaniyakh zarubezhnykh sotziologov [Problems of Adaptation of Migrants in Spain in the Studies of Foreign Sociologists]. Sotziologicheskaya nauka I sotzialnaya praktika, 2017, no 2 (18), pp. 118–135.

Sorokin P. Moya filosofiya – integralizm [Integralism is my Philosophy]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1992, no 10, pp. 134–139.

Sue S., Sue D. W. Chinese-American personality and mental health. Asian-Americans Psychological Perspectives. Ben Lomand (Ca.), Science and Behavior Books, 1973, pp. 111–124.

Teske R. H., Nelson B. H. Acculturation and assimilation: A clarification. American Ethnologist, 1974, Vol. 17, pp. 218–235.

Thomas W. I., Znanietzki F. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1996. Vol. 2.

Vishnevsky А. G. Dolzhna li migracionnaya statistika uchityvat' ehtnicheskuyu prinadlezhnost' migrantov? [Should migration statistics take into account the ethnicity of migrants?]. Demoskop Weekly, 2012, Vol. 531–532.

Ward C., Bochner S., Furnham A. The psychology of culture shock. Hove (UK), Routledge, 2001. 384 p.

Zayonchkovskaya J. А. Novosely v gorodakh: Metody izucheniya prizhivaemosti [New settlers in the cities: Methods of studying survival]. Moscow, Statistika publ., 1972, pp. 9–10.