Mountain ecosystems and glacial zones around the world are most sensitive to climate change, transforming the natural environment, social and economic life of the territories and changing the culture and life of indigenous peoples and other ethnic groups living in the mountains. Changes in temperature regimes, precipitation and water supply, the growth of hazardous hydro-meteorological phenomena have a negative impact on the economic activity and health of residents of mountainous areas and require increased attention to the issues of their adaptation and increased sustainability in the context of climate uncertainty. Migration in the context of climate change, on the one hand, is considered as an active strategy that increases the level of security of the population. And on the other hand, focuses on non-migration as a forced strategy and the result of free choice. Mountainous territories of South-West Siberia are in the center of scientific attention due to changes in ice cover and degradation of permafrost, complex migration situation, usually analysed in the light of factors of socio-economic development. The article presents the results of sociological expeditions in three regions located within the Altai mountain country (Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Tyva Republic), aimed at population's assessment of the climate change and adaptation to it. Based on the data of sociological surveys, in-depth interviews and expert assessments, conclusions are made about the main trends and features of the migration situation and migration attitudes of the population in difficult climatic conditions. It is shown that climate change, on the one hand, acts as a factor aggravating socio-economic and social problems, stimulating migration outflow of the population. On the other hand, for a large part of the population, they are not a significant reason for changing their place of residence, but are part of a special "mountain" and largely traditional way of life. Voluntary refusal to migrate is formed by a positive perception of the area as having development potential, while forced refusal is seen as a manifestation of maladaptive strategies.

climate risks, climate migration, push and pull factors, adaptation to climate change, Altai-Sayan mountainous country

1. Baryshnikova O. N., Prudnikova N. G. Puti razresheniya mezhotraslevykh protivorechii rekreatsionnogo i traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniya na primere Altaiskogo kraya [Ways to resolve inter-sectoral contradictions of recreational and traditional nature management on the example of the Altai Krai]. Vestnik AltGAU, 2009: 12: 24–28 (in Russ.). EDN: KWYFKN.
2. Zvorykina Yu. V., Teteryatnikov K. S. Climate (or environmental?) migration: problems and prospects. Nauchnye trudy Vol'nogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva Rossii, 2019: 216(2): 236–256 (in Russ.). EDN: IEHUMV.
3. Kokorin A. New Factors and Stages of the Global and Russian Climate Policy. Ekonomicheskaya politika, 2016: 11(1): 157–176 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.18288/1994-5124-2016-1-10; EDN: VMLYWJ.
4. Ledeneva V. Yu. Climate migration: trends and forecasts. Izvestiya YZGU. Ser.: Ekonomika. Sotsiologiya. Menedzhment, 2023: 11(6): 233–242 (in Russ.). EDN: EIOSHT.
5. Lukyanets A. S. Climate migration in a pandemic Covid-19. Nauchnoe obozrenie. Ser. 1: Ekonomika i Pravo, 2020: 3: 22–33 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.26653/2076-4650-2020-3-02; EDN: ADDOWZ.
6. Oganesyan V. V., Sterin A. M., Vorobyeva L. N. Potential damages from dangerous and unfavorable meteorological phenomena on the territory of the Russian Federation: regional peculiarities. Gidrometeorologicheskie issledovaniya i prognozy, 2021: 1: 143–156 (in Russ.). EDN: FXABDK.
7. Ryazantsev S. V., Moiseeva E. M. The impact of global climate change on migration in the Russian federation and Central Asian countries. Population, 2022: 25(3): 18–32 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.19181/population.2022.25.3.2; EDN: CMTAGK.
8. Saryglar S. A., Maximova S. G. Migration behavior: strategies and practices of social integration, specifics of adaptive behavior of migrants in the Asian borderlands of Russia. Society and Security Insights: 2020: 3(1): 37–48 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.14258/ssi(2020)1-02; EDN: BKCORH.
9. State of the geological environment (subsoil) of the territory of the Siberian Federal District in 2021. Inform. Bulletin. Iss. 18. Tomsk, f-l "SRC GMSN", 2022: 204 (in Russ.).
10. Sukhova M. G. Klimato-ekologicheskie kharakteristiki sredy gornykh regionov (na primere rossiiskogo Altaya) [Climato-ecological characteristics of the environment of mountain regions (on the example of the Russian Altai)]. Vestnik RUDN. Ser. Ekologiya i bezopasnost' zhiznedeyatel'nosti, 2009: 2: 116–121 (in Russ.). EDN: KHRLW.
11. Toropov P. A., Alyoshina M. A. et al. Modern degradation of Altai mountain glaciation, its consequences and possible causes. Meteorologiya i gidrologiya, 2020: 5: 118–130 (in Russ.). EDN: CDBMKO.
12. Bakewell O. Migration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Phillips N. (ed.). Migration in the Global Political Economy. Boulder, CO/London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011: 121–141.
13. Balbus J. A., Crimmins J. L. et al. Introduction: Climate Change and Human Health. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment, 2016: 25–42. DOI: 10.7930/J0VX0DFW.
14. Black R., Bennett S. R. G. et al. Migration as adaptation. Nature, 2011: 7370: 447–449. DOI: 10.1038/478477a.
15. Cegolon L, Heymann W. C., Lange J. H. Climate change, emerging infections and blood donations. Journal of Travel Medecine, 2017: 24(3). DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taw098.
16. Clement V., Rigaud K. K. et al. Groundswell part 2: Acting on internal climate migration. World Bank, 2021. Accessed 1.08.2024. URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/2c9150df-52c3-58ed-9075-d78ea56c3267
17. de Haas H. A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework. Comparative migration studies, 2021: 9(1): 8. DOI: 10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4.
18. Farbotko C., Dun O. et al. Relocation planning must address voluntary immobility. Nature Climate Change, 2020: 10(8): 702–704. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-0829-6.
19. Ferris E., Weerasinghe S. Promoting human security: Planned relocation as a protection tool in a time of climate change. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 2020: 8(2): 134–149. DOI: 10.1177/2331502420909305.
20. Hauer M. E., Jacobs S. A., Kulp S. A. Climate migration amplifies demographic change and population aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2024: 121(3): e2206192119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.220619211.
21. I.P.C.C. Wmo, Ed., Climate change: the 1990 and 1992 IPCC assessments, IPCC first assessment report overview and policymaker summaries and 1992 IPPC supplement. IPCC, Geneve, 1992: 178.
22. International Organization for Migration (IOM). Institutional Strategy on Migration, Environment and Climate Change 2021–2030. For a comprehensive, evidence and rights-based approach to migration in the context of environmental degradation, climate change and disasters, for the benefit of migrants and societies. IOM, Geneva, 2021: 47.
23. Platform on Disaster Displacement. How to Quantify and Measure Loss and Damage Associated with Displacement? Accessed 1.08.2024. URL: https://disasterdisplacement.org/resource/how-to-quantify-and-measure-loss-and-damage-displacement
24. Price M. Geographical Theories of Migration: Exploring Scalar, Spatial, and Placeful Dimensions of Human Mobility. In Migration Theory. Routledge, 2022: 232–268. DOI: 10.4324/9781003121015.
25. Rocque R. J., Beaudoin C. et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ open, 2021: 11(6): e046333. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333.
26. Selby J., Dahi O. S. et al. Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Political Geography, 2017: 60: 232–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.05.007.
27. Xu C., Kohler T. A. et al. Future of the human climate niche. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020: 117(21): 11350–11355. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910114117.
28. Zickgraf C. Theorizing (im) mobility in the face of environmental change. Regional Environmental Change, 2021: 21(4): 126. Accessed 1.08.2024. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/2268/266498. DOI: 0.1007/s10113-021-01839-2.